Ikhontrakthi yokumba uLuisier waqala ukugrumba iqula elinzulu kwindawo yase-Andrea Maxwell e-Peshtigo ngoDisemba 1, 2022. Iimveliso zoMlilo zikaTyco zibonelela ngeenkonzo zokugrumba simahla kubanini bezindlu njengesisombululo esinokubakho kwi-PFAS yokungcoliseka kwiipropati zabo. Abanye abahlali bayathandabuza kwaye bakhetha ezinye iindlela ezikhuselekileyo zamanzi okusela. Ifoto ngoncedo lweTyco/Johnson Controls
Umthombo wekhaya lakhe e-Peshtigo usecaleni kwe-Marinette's firefight academy, apho imichiza eyayisetyenziswa ngaphambili kugwebu lokucima umlilo iye yangena emanzini aphantsi komhlaba ngokuhamba kwexesha. IiMveliso zoMlilo kaTyco, ongumnini weziko, zavavanya malunga nemithombo ye-170 kwindawo ye-PFAS (ekwabizwa ngokuba "yimichiza esisigxina").
Abalawuli kunye neengcali zempilo baye baphakamisa inkxalabo malunga namawaka eekhemikhali zokwenziwa njengoko ziye zadibaniswa neengxaki ezinzulu zempilo, ezibandakanya umhlaza wezintso kunye ne-testicular, isifo se-thyroid, kunye neengxaki zokuzala. I-PFAS okanye i-perfluoroalkyl kunye ne-polyfluoroalkyl izinto aziboli kakuhle kwindalo esingqongileyo.
Kwi-2017, iTyco ibike amanqanaba aphezulu e-PFAS kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba kubalawuli bakarhulumente okokuqala. Kunyaka olandelayo, abahlali bamangalela inkampani ngokungcolisa amanzi okusela, kwaye i-17.5 yezigidi zeerandi yafikelelwa kwi-2021. Kwiminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo, iTyco ibonelele abahlali ngamanzi asebhotileni kunye neenkqubo zokucoca amakhaya.
Umbono wasemoyeni wekontraka esomba iqula elinzulu kwindawo yaseAndrea Maxwell ePeshtigo nge-1 kaDisemba, 2022. Iimveliso zoMlilo zikaTyco zibonelela ngeenkonzo zokomba simahla kubaninimzi njengesisombululo esinokubakho kungcoliseko lwePFAS kwiindawo zabo Abanye abahlali besixeko bayathandabuza oku. ukhetho kwaye ukhethe ezinye iindlela ezikhuselekileyo kunamanzi okusela. Ifoto ngoncedo lweTyco/Johnson Controls
Iingcali zokusingqongileyo zithi kwezinye iimeko, kodwa ayizizo zonke, amaqula anzulu anokusombulula ingxaki yokungcoliseka kwePFAS. Le michiza inokuntywila nakwimithombo yamanzi enzulu, yaye asiyiyo yonke imithombo yamanzi enzulu enokubonelela ngamanzi okusela akhuselekileyo nazinzileyo ngaphandle konyango oluxabisa imali eninzi. Kodwa njengoko uluntu oluninzi lufumanisa ukuba amanqanaba e-PFAS kumanzi abo okusela anokungakhuseleki, abanye bajonge ukuba ingaba amaqula anzulu ingaba yimpendulo na. Kumazantsi-ntshona edolophu yaseWisconsin eCampbell e-Ile de France, uvavanyo olwenziwe ngo-2020 lubonise amanqanaba aphezulu ePFAS kumaqula abucala. Ngoku esi sixeko siza kuqhuba iqula elivavanyayo kwiqula elinzulu lommandla ukuze libone ukuba ingaba ngumthombo okhuselekileyo wamanzi okusela kusini na.
Kumantla mpuma eWisconsin, uTyco ujongene nezimangalo ezininzi ezinxulumene nokosuleleka kwePFAS. Kwangoko kulo nyaka, iSebe lezoBulungisa laseWisconsin limangalele uJohnson Controls kunye ne-subsidiary Tyco ngokusilela ukunika ingxelo ngamanqanaba aphezulu ePFAS kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba iminyaka. Amagosa enkampani athi akholelwa ukuba ungcoliseko luphelele kwindawo yaseTyco, ngelixa abagxeki besithi wonke umntu uyazi ngokuhamba kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba.
Ngaba ikho into enokwenziwa ngokukhawuleza? Ndazi. Inokwenzeka,” utshilo uMaxwell. “Ngaba ungcoliseko luseza kubakho? Ewe. Iya kuhlala ikhona kwaye benza konke okusemandleni ukuyicoca ngoku.”
Ayinguye wonke umhlali ochatshazelwe lungcoliseko lwePFAS ovumelana noMaxwell. Malunga neshumi elinambini labantu abatyikitye uxwebhu lwezikhalazo becela abahlali bedolophu yaseMantla-mpuma yeWisconsin ukuba bajoyine iMarinette ekufutshane ukuze bafumane amanzi esixekweni. Abanye bakhetha ukuthenga amanzi kwisixeko sasePeshtigo okanye bazakhele awabo amanzi esixeko.
I-Tyco kunye neenkokheli zedolophu zixoxisana ngokukhetha iminyaka, kwaye omabini amacala athi iingxoxo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku aziphumelelanga ukufikelela kwisivumelwano malunga nesisombululo esisisigxina kwingxaki yamanzi.
Oku kuwa, uTyco waqala ukunika iikhontrakthi zequla elinzulu kubaninimzi ukuze bajonge umdla wabo. Isiqingatha sabamkeli, okanye abahlali abangama-45, batyikitye izivumelwano, yatsho inkampani. Ngaphantsi kwesi sivumelwano, iTyco iya kugrumba amaqula kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba anzulu kwaye ifake iinkqubo zokuhlala ukuthambisa amanzi kunye nokunyanga amanqanaba aphezulu eradium kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ezikhoyo kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba. iimvavanyo Well kule ndawo baye babonisa amanqanaba radium ngeenxa ezintathu ukuya ezintandathu phezulu ngaphezu federal kunye nemigangatho yamanzi okusela karhulumente.
“Yindibaniselwano yetekhnoloji esusa ezi zinto zendalo ngempumelelo ngelixa igcina umgangatho kunye nencasa yamanzi,” utshilo uCathy McGinty, uMlawuli woZinzo kwi-Johnson Controls.
Umbono womoya weZiko loQeqesho loMlilo waseTyco eMarinette. I-DNR ithe banedatha ebonisa ukuba amanzi amdaka aqukethe i-PFAS avela kumaziko oqeqesho. Ezi khemikhali ziyaziwa ngokuqokelela kwizinto eziqinileyo zebhayoloji eziveliswa kumaziko okucoca amanzi amdaka, athi ke asasazwe kumasimi ezolimo. Ifoto ngoncedo lweJohnson Controls International
Uvavanyo alubonisi i-PFAS kwi-aquifer enzulu, ekwasetyenziswa luluntu olungabamelwane njengomthombo wamanzi okusela ngaphandle kwendawo engcolileyo ejikeleze i-academy yomlilo, uMcGuinty uthe. Nangona kunjalo, ngokweSebe leMithombo yezeNdalo laseWisconsin, amanye amaqula anzulu kule ndawo aqulethe amanqanaba aphantsi eekhompawundi zePFAS. Le arhente ikwavakalise inkxalabo yokuba iPFAS inokungena kwi-aquifer enzulu.
Kuluntu oluchatshazelwa yi-PFAS, i-DNR kudala yaqaphela ukuba unikezelo lwamanzi lukamasipala lolona khetho lufanelekileyo lwamanzi okusela akhuselekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, uKyle Burton, umlawuli we-DNR wemisebenzi yentsimi, uthe i-arhente iqaphele ukuba abanye abahlali bakhetha amaqula anzulu, anokuba sisisombululo sexesha elide. Uthe uTyco kunye noJohnson Controls banciphisa umngcipheko wokungcola okunqamlezayo kolu yilo lwamaqula.
"Siyazi ukuba (i-Johnson Controls) yenza inkuthalo yabo xa beyila amaqula ababecinga ukuba, kwaye sifuna ukukwazi ukubonelela ngamanzi angenayo i-PFAS," kusho uBurton. "Kodwa asizukwazi de sivavanye la maqula ixesha elide ukuze siqinisekise ukuba akukho nto ingcolisekileyo."
I-aquifer esezantsi ikhuselwe ngokubanzi, kodwa uBurton uthe kunokubakho iintanda kwezinye iindawo ezinokusongela ungcoliseko. Ulawulo lukaTyco kunye noJohnson luya kuqhuba iimvavanyo zekota ezinzulu zePFAS kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokucoca kunyaka wokuqala wofakelo. Ummeli we-DNR unokuvavanya imfuno yokubeka iliso rhoqo.
Umthombo osezantsi wamanzi usenokuba yiSt. Pete Sandstone Formation okanye i-aquifer yengingqi phantsi kwesibini esithathwini esisemazantsi sombuso. Uphononongo lwango-2020 lufumanise ukuba amanqanaba eradium kumanzi oluntu asuka kwi-aquifers aye anda kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo. Amanzi aphantsi komhlaba anzulu adibana namatye ixesha elide kwaye ngoko axhomekeke kumazinga aphezulu e-radium, abaphandi bathi. Bakwathe kusengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba imeko iya isiba mandundu njengoko amaqula kamasipala egrunjwe nzulu ukunqanda ukungcolisa amanzi aphantsi komhlaba ngongcoliseko olungaphezulu.
Ugxininiso lweRadium lwenyuka ngakumbi kwinxalenye esempuma yelizwe, kodwa amanqanaba nawo anyuka entshona nakumbindi weWisconsin. Njengoko ugxininiso lusanda, uluntu okanye abaninimzi abanqwenela ukusebenzisa i-akhwifa njengomthombo wamanzi okusela banokunyanzeleka ukuba bathathe unyango olongezelelekileyo, olunokubiza kakhulu.
Kwisixeko sasePeshtigo, uJohnson Controls ugxininisa ukuba amanzi ahlangabezane nemigangatho yamanzi karhulumente, kubandakanywa nemigangatho ye-PFAS esanda kwamkelwa. Bakwathe bazakuthobela nayiphi na imigangatho emitsha evela kwi-DNR okanye i-EPA, eya kuba sezantsi kakhulu kwaye ikhusele ngakumbi impilo yoluntu.
Kangangeminyaka engama-20, uTyco noJohnson Controls baye baceba ukunika inkonzo kula maqula. Emva koko kuxhomekeke kumninimzi. Baza kuhlawula kuphela isisombululo samanzi esinye kumhlali ngamnye inkampani ecinga ukuba uchaphazelekayo.
Kuba uninzi lwabahlali belwamkele isicelo sikaTyco sokugrumba umngxuma onzulu, akukho sivumelwano sokuba esi sesona sisombululo. Kuluntu olujongene nokungcoliseka kwePFAS, impikiswano phakathi kwabahlali igxininisa ubunzima bengxaki kunye nomngeni wokufikelela kwizisombululo ezamkelwe ngokubanzi.
NgoLwesihlanu, uJennifer wasasaza uxwebhu lwesicelo sokuxhasa inkxaso yokuguqula abahlali basemanzini esixeko babe yiMarinette ukuze bafumane amanzi esixekweni. Unethemba lokuqokelela iisiginitsha ezaneleyo ukuze afake kwiBhunga leSixeko saseMarinette ekupheleni kukaMatshi, kwaye uTyco uhlawule umcebisi ukuba amcebise ngenkqubo yokudibanisa. Ukuba ukudityaniswa kwenzeka, inkampani yathi iya kuhlawulela imibhobho kwaye yenze isixa-mali sentlawulo kubanini-zindlu ngayo nayiphi na irhafu eyonyusiweyo okanye iireyithi zamanzi ezinxulumene nokhetho.
UJeff Lamont unomthombo wokusela ekhayeni lakhe ePeshtego, eWisccin ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwePFAS yamanzi ompompo. Angela Major/WPR
“Ndicinga ukuba yenziwe,” watsho uLwesihlanu. Ungaze ube nexhala malunga nokungcoliseka okunokwenzeka, ukubekwa esweni rhoqo, kufuneka usebenzise iinkqubo zokucoca nayo yonke loo nto.
Well uLwesihlanu wayekwiplamu yongcoliseko kwaye iimvavanyo zabonisa amanqanaba aphantsi ePFAS. Ufumana amanzi asebhotileni kuTyco, kodwa usapho lwakhe lusasebenzisa amanzi equla ekuphekeni nasekuhlambeni.
USihlalo weSixeko sasePeshtigo uCindy Boyle uthe ibhodi ithathela ingqalelo enye indlela ekhethwa yi-DNR yokufikelela kumanzi akhuselekileyo ngokusebenzisa amaziko oluntu, nokuba kubahlali babo okanye ekuhlaleni.
“Ngokwenza oko, ibonelela ngolawulo olukhuselayo ngeKomishoni yeNkonzo kaRhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba abahlali basela amanzi akhuselekileyo,” utshilo uBoyle.
Uye waphawula ukuba isixeko saseMarinette okwangoku asifuni kubonelela ngamanzi ngaphandle kwabahlali. UBoyle wongeze ngelithi ukubamba abanye abahlali kuya kunciphisa irhafu yesixeko, esithi abo bahlala esixekweni baza kufumana iindleko ezingakumbi zenkxaso-mali yenkonzo. Abanye abantu basezidolophini bakuchasile ukufakwa ngenxa yerhafu ephezulu, amaxabiso aphezulu amanzi, kunye nezithintelo zokuzingela okanye ukutshiswa kwehlathi.
Nangona kunjalo, kukho inkxalabo malunga neendleko zokuzakhela indawo yokusebenzela amanzi esixekweni. Okona kulungileyo, uqikelelo lwesixeko lucebisa ukuba iziseko zophuhliso zinokuxabisa ngaphezulu kwe-91 yezigidi zeedola ukwakha, kungabandakanywa ukusebenza okuqhubekayo kunye nokulungiswa.
Kodwa uBoyle uqaphele ukuba eli ncedo liza kunceda abahlali kungekuphela nje kwiindawo ezithathwa njengenkampani zingcolisekile, kodwa nakwiindawo ezibanzi apho i-DNR ithatha iisampulu zosulelo lwePFAS. UJohnson Controls kunye noTyco banqabile ukuvavanya apho, besithi iinkampani azinaxanduva kulo naluphi na ungcoliseko kule ndawo.
UBoyle uvumile ukuba abahlali bakhathazekile ngesantya senkqubela-phambili kwaye abaqinisekanga ukuba ukhetho abaluphononongayo lunokwenzeka kubahlali okanye kwiKomishoni yeNkonzo kaRhulumente. Iinkokeli zedolophu zithi azifuni ukuba abarhafi bathwale iindleko zokubonelela ngamanzi akhuselekileyo ngokusebenzisa eli ziko.
“Indawo yethu namhlanje iyafana nasekuqaleni,” utshilo uBoyle. “Sifuna ukwenza konke esinako ukunika wonke umntu amanzi okusela acocekileyo ngokuqhubekayo ngeendleko zabo banoxanduva.”
Kodwa abanye abahlali, kuquka uMaxwell, badinwe kukulinda. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokuba bathande izisombululo ezinzulu zequla.
Ngemibuzo okanye izimvo, nceda uqhagamshelane neNkxaso yoMphulaphuli we-WPR kwi-1-800-747-7444, i-imeyile kubaphulaphuli@wpr.org, okanye usebenzise iFomu yethu yokuPhendula uMphulaphuli.
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Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-21-2022